Contract law, Doctrine of consideration Case Study

Agreement law, Doctrine of thought - Case Study Example Teacher Patrick Atiyah1. Thought can be characterized as A demonstration of patience of one gathering, or the guarantee thereof, is the cost for which the guarantee of the other is purchased, and the guarantee therefore given for esteem is enforceable. F. Pollock2. An excess or free guarantee is subsequently, lawfully unenforceable. Such guarantees don't include thought and therefore, they are not viewed as legally binding guarantees except if made as a proper agreement by deed. In English Law a guarantee made under agreement is unenforceable without thought. Further, the authenticity of a straightforward agreement can be guaranteed just if there is thought from the gathering tolerating the offer. Progressively, judges are being urged to discover thought in cases; this is with the goal that authoritative cases can be evaluated based on the genuine aim of the contracting gatherings to one and another, as opposed to a severe and tight translation of case law. Thought is just at issue in basic agreements, Courts frequently need to see thought as ready to surmise that an agreement exists. In a Contract By Deed, thought is superfluous; as it is clear what is expected structure whom. Furthermore, where the conventional thin perspective on thought may prompt impolite outcomes, Courts may acknowledge a solicitation for applying the guideline of impartial estoppel. Thusly, an agreement which contains guarantees unsupported by thought is void abdominal muscle initio. Legitimate thought has the accompanying highlights: 1. Thought must move from' the offeree to the offeror, that is, the individual making the offer must anticipate something consequently. 2. Thought must be something of significant worth, anyway piddling to the offeror, or something of disservice to the offeree. 3. Thought must be adequate in law, yet need not be reasonable truth be told. A proposal of offer of a Rolls Royce Car for 1 is legitimate thought however not reasonable. Be that as it may, if this vehicle is offered free, there is no thought and the understanding is unenforceable. 4. Thought must force a commitment later on; it is irregular and insufficient to put together a proposal with respect to past consideration3.In the case Currie v Misa it was held that, A significant thought, in the feeling of law, may comprise either in some right, intrigue, benefit or advantage gathering to the one party, or some abstinence, disservice, misfortune or obligation given, endured, or attempted by the other4. Thus, correspondence is fundamental to the convention of thought, at the end of the day, a promisee can't uphold a guarantee except if he has

Causes of Happiness

Joy is a passionate or full of feeling state that can be individual or imparted to others. Every individual has own meaning of bliss. For instance, a few people imagine that joy originates from having a ton of cash, and some believe that bliss can emerge out of basic things such having a friend.Happiness can influence your wellbeing, the individuals around you, and it can cause you to have a constructive life. There are three reasons for bliss, for example, being fruitful, eating chocolate, and being hopeful. The primary reason for joy is being successful.Successful life can prompt joy. For example, on the off chance that you are a fruitful understudy, you will be glad. That is on the grounds that you are going to feel achieved which is one reason that lead to joy. Being fruitful could likewise mean having great associations with other. At the end of the day, on the off chance that you show great habits wherever you go, you will make individuals like to have a fellowship with you. Su bsequently, you will have a relationship with your companions, and companions can be one reason that lead to satisfaction. The second reason for satisfaction is eating chocolate.Eating chocolate can cause you to be cheerful. For example, specialist have discovered that chocolate has the property of expanding levels of certain hormones. These hormones can cause sentiments of satisfaction and well being.Also, the specialists found that eating 40 grams of dull chocolate consistently for about fourteen days can decrease the pressure. At the end of the day, the degrees of stress hormones will be decreased which can cause you to feel cheerful. The third reason for bliss is being hopeful. Positive thinking is one reason that lead to bliss. Good faith is a cheerfulness and certainty that things will work out.Also, it can assist us with moving from an earlier time and not dread what's to come. On the off chance that you are a cynic, you are going to believe that things won't work out. Thus, the cynic can prompt less joy and cause you to have pity in your life.In decision, it appears that we have three reasons for bliss such being hopeful, eating chocolate and being fruitful. Satisfaction is critical to our life since it can make our life important. It can influence our life and the individuals around us, so individuals must be upbeat and hopeful so as to have an agreeable life.

Essay Topics For SSAT

Essay Topics For SSATIf you are working on your SAT essay and want to know what to write about, here are some essay topics for the SSAT. These topics can help you stay on task and help you get the most out of your preparation time.The subjects that you choose to cover on your essay should be relevant to the type of test that you have taken. This is so the essay topics for SSAT will be able to show your ability to apply knowledge, knowledge that is learned through testing. This is why it is important to consider the type of test that you took when creating your topic. This is not the only way to do this, but it is a great way to have something to work with as you plan out your essay.One topic that many students find useful on their essays for the SAT is to consider how to change subject to fit the type of test that you took. There are many ways to change subjects on the SAT. One way is to use one of the free online flash cards from the College Board. Other students find it helpful to use memorization. Whatever your method, it is important to do this in conjunction with a good essay.Essay topics for SSAT should also be able to include statistics. One way to do this is to find a statistic that you are interested in, such as the student population of the state where you are taking the test. Using this statistic, you can write about what the state's average SAT score is. Doing this in conjunction with the sample test questions on the SAT can be a great way to make your statistics section seem interesting. Also, using a variation of these statistics is also an interesting topic for an essay.One topic that many students find useful on their essays for the SAT is to use examples of times when you were creative or innovative. This can be an easy way to emphasize your abilities to be creative and problem-solve. It can also make you seem more mature than other students.One topic that is extremely popular on essays for the SAT is to find a social issue that you have recent ly been involved in. This can be a great way to show how passionate you are about social issues. It can also be a great way to make sure that your essay is topical and timely.The topic that a student chooses to focus on should be relevant to them as a student. This means that the essay topics for SSAT should be able to relate to the types of test that you took. You can even use what you learned on the SAT to create a theme that you will use throughout your entire essay. This makes the essay more focused and the topic more valuable.When you are trying to plan out the essay topics for SSAT, you should use the examples above as a guideline. The SAT has many different types of tests that a student will take, so finding a topic that is applicable to the type of test that you took can be helpful. Even if you do not take the SAT, you can still use this same process.

Handshakes and Personality - 2274 Words

Abstract Handshakes were rated on nine different aspects by examiners and then participants were given a personality test based on the Big Five Factor Model. The handshakes were then compared to the results from the personality tests and scored based on the most dominant features of personality. Those with firm handshakes and good eye contact were found to be more extroverted and more agreeable, were as those with weaker handshakes and less eye contact were more introverted and less open to new experience. The complete results are far more complex and more informative about many types of handshakes and the personalities that belong to the people giving them. The results show a considerable correlation between the handshake someone gives,†¦show more content†¦This study proved that in their demographic, a firm handshake and good eye contact lead to a greater chance of being hired, based on how the interviewers felt the participants performed (Stewart, Dustin, Darnold amp; Barrick, 200 8). The research supports that college students can make a good impression based on a handshake but leaves one to wonder if this research would apply to adults of older age. It does still posit that having a classically desired handshake still assists in strengthening business relationships. In the study The interaction between leader–member exchange and perceived job security in predicting employee altruism and work performance, It was found that The findings indicated that leader member exchange as a job resource becomes more impactful to altruistic performance when employees feel less secure at work (Raymond, Hang-Yue, Lingqing amp; Victor, 2011). This is a good indicator of how much value is placed human interactions. A good impression can create trust and we you are trusted; people will do anything to help. Research from the journal article Evaluating faces on trustworthiness after minimal time exposure findings suggest that people automatically make valence/trustworthiness judgments from facial appearance just from a short glace (Todorov, Pakrashi amp; Oosterhof, 2009). This clearly shows how fast people judge one another, supporting that the handshake may make or break a first impression; the handshake could be theShow MoreRelatedThe Relation Between Handshaking, Personality and First Impressions1036 Words   |  5 PagesHandshakes are so important to individuals in the business world that they devote entire classes on proper handshaking etiquette. This study offers a deeper look into how personality is demonstrated through handshaking. I choose this topic because I have always seen a positive correlation between someone’s personality and their handshake. I believe that you can learn a great deal about someone from how they shake your hand. This was not a true experiment in t he sense of manipulating variables, butRead MoreInterpretation and Analysis of â€Å"from W. S.† by L.P.Hartley748 Words   |  3 Pageswhole extract is devoted to the dwellings of the narrator (who is the main character at the same time) upon his possible insanity. That’s why there are many psychological terms used in the text, such as: â€Å"borderline case†, â€Å"megalomania†, â€Å"split personalities†, â€Å"lunatic†, â€Å"conscious mind†, â€Å"self-division†, â€Å"psychic†, â€Å"alienist† and etc. The method of characterization employed in the story is indirect. Its main advantage is that the author doesn’t impose the impression he wants readers to get fromRead MoreBusiness Practices And Culture The Same963 Words   |  4 Pagescontact. In addition, Spaniards analyze the true intentions of a company; does the company care or is it just a financial gain for them? People with a business proposal must schedule a time to meet Spaniards. Spaniards appreciate those with great personalities and make the effort to meet them. With that said, Spaniards expect businesspeople to build personal relationships with them. In fact, the first meeting is meant to get to know one another, create stable relationships as well as trust (Global RoadRead MoreBody Language: What Are You Really Saying Essay996 Words   |  4 Pagesthe listen has become bored. The handshake is a common way of starting of social interactions, and can tell a lot about us. A good handshake is solid but not harmful, both individuals’ palms are vertical. A weak or soft handshake can show a weak personality or lack of commitment. Everyone knows a guy who tries to crush your hand with a handshake. The overly aggressive as well as insecure people who don’t want to be dominated by others use this handshake. When you encounter a bone crusher it’sRead MoreAppearance Poor Fair Average Good Superior Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesEye Contact X Firm handshake X Notes: Recommendations: Yasenia’s attire was considered professional, but it could’ve been better. She was groomed well and her body language was superior. She came off as confident and seemed that she was comfortable. I love how she gave eye contact with each group member and didn’t only focus on the person that was asking her questions. I think that her handshake was weak and she needs to improve the quality of it. †¢ Work on handshake Personable Poor FairRead MoreAn Interview Of A Job Position Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesfulfillment of everyone’s needs. The Myers-Briggs forms the basis for the analysis of all the candidates for every position. Myers-Briggs personality test The Myers-Briggs personality test has given its ranking as an Executive (ESTJ-A). The description is characterized by a person who is extraverted, always observant, thinking, judging and also assertive on his personality. The interaction with the environment is in a free manner where the direction of the mental energy is on the keen observations of whatRead MoreReflection On Time Management1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthem when I have nothing in quadrant 1 and not too much in quadrant 2. This information is valuable because it helps me save time and prevent stress in the future. Another piece of information I thought was valuable was the ‘Time Management by Personality’ section. Although I do not fit exactly into one category, I would classify myself as the Driver. This is because I rarely procrastinate and once I get started can usually complete a task pretty quickly. I also do not enjoy working in team settingsRead MoreActions Speak Louder than Words892 Words   |  4 Pagesconversation. All humans need personal space but at the same time, touching plays an important role in communication. Every country and culture differ in what sort of touching and proximity is appropriate for each situation based on social norms, personality, relationship, and level of familiarity. In Western society, there are four categories of distances, according to relationship of those involved. Each category has a close phase and a far phase. Violating an appropriate distance can make someoneRead MoreRuth And I Are More Similar Than Dissimilar957 Words   |  4 Pa ges(who is also from Ireland), and I decided to go for a afternoon hike one weekend. What made this an interesting cultural interaction was the greeting Ruth’s friend Julie and I shared upon first meeting. It started off with a friendly â€Å"hello†, and handshake. Which was not unlike most greetings I am used to sharing with new acquaintances. However, what made this greeting, unique was several other instances. The greeting quickly quickly turned into a friendly conversation about school, before we evenRead Moreï » ¿Verbal communication and nonverbal communication1374 Words   |  6 Pagesmake your signals match the level of formality necessitated by the situation. 9. Be Aware That Signals Can be Misread According to some, a firm handshake indicates a strong personality while a weak handshake is taken as a lack of fortitude. This example illustrates an important point about the possibility of misreading nonverbal signals. A limp handshake might actually indicate something else entirely, such as arthritis. Always remember to look for groups of behavior. A persons overall demeanor

Comme Is a Star of French Idiomatic Expressions

The French word  comme means like, as or since and is used in a large number of idiomatic expressions. Learn how to say soaking wet, knee-high to a grasshopper, so-so and more with this list of French expressions that use  comme. Other cultures have found French expressions useful and have assimilated them into their languages. Comme ci, comme à §a, for instance,  is used in English and several other languages to mean so-so, fair, or just okay. The word  comme, one of the most common and versatile in French,  can be a conjunction, adverb, or part of an adverbial phrase.  Like the French  conjunctions parce que, car and  puisque, comme  is commonly used to draw conclusions or otherwise relate a cause or explanation with a result or conclusion. For example,  Comme je lis le plus vite, jai dà ©jà   fini  means  Since I read the fastest, Ive already finished. Common French Expressions Using Comme arriver comme un cheveu sur la soupeto be completely irrelevant chanter comme une casseroleto be a lousy singercomme cela/à §a(just) like that; that way; (informal) great, terrificcomme ci, comme à §aso-so;  faircomme dhabitudeas usualcomme il fautproperly;  respectablycomme il vous plairaas you wishcomme les autresordinary; everydaycomme on ditas they say; how its saidcomme par hasardcoincidentally; as if by chancecomme qui dirait(informal) as you might say; what you might think is/wascomme quoito the effect that; which goes to show thatcomme sias if; as though(adjectif) comme toutso (adjective); as (adjective) as can be comme tout le mondenormally; like everyone elsehaut comme trois pommesknee-high to a grasshopperjuste commejust / right asparler le franà §ais comme une vache espagnoleto speak French very badlytrempà © comme une soupeto be soaking wet

Essay on Eliots Presentation of Parenthood in Silas Marner

Eliots Presentation of Parenthood in Silas Marner A child more than all other gifts ---------------------------------- That earth can offer to declining man Brings hope with it and forward looking thoughts. (Title page) One the title page of the first edition of Silas Marner, George Eliot quotes from Wordsworths poem Michael. She immediately introduces the significance of parenthood and the powerful emotional effect a child can have on a parent. I feel Eliot uses the parents in Silas Marner to demonstrate the personal rewards that are gained from the efforts of good parenting, and the weak family ties created by indifferent, ineffective parenting. She questions what makes a†¦show more content†¦Eliot implies that Godfrey has grown up weak willed and cowardly because of the nature of his father and shows that Godfrey doubts his fathers love for him. He had always had a sense that his fathers indulgence had not been kindness, and had had a vague longing for some discipline that would have checked his own errant weakness, and helped his better will (P88). I think Eliot is demonstrating that the deficiencies of the Squires children are due to the inadequacies of his parenting. His son Dunsta n is very dislikeable. He drinks and gambles, the villagers consider him to be a spiteful jeering fellow (P33) and people shook their heads at [Dunstans] courses(P32). Ironically Squire Cass considers himself to have been too good a father (P88). Elliot uses personification to describe the Cass household; it is a home where the hearth had no smiles (P41). My interpretation of this imagery is of a house void of any warm comforting heart. Elliot uses imagery connected to nature throughout Silas Marner when relating to the development of people and relationships. She writes the sweet flower of courtesy is not a growth of such homes as the Red House (P84). This metaphor means to me, that the house would be a much more pleasant place if consideration was encouraged to develop and her use of nature in imagery gives an atmosphere of gentle

Management Systems Strategy and Implementation

Question: Discuss about the Management Systems for Strategy and Implementation. Answer: Introduction: The main objective of this report is to analyze the case study of StayTogether hotel chain and suggest suitable recommendations for mitigating the management issues of the company. Ten different hotel chains have decided to merge together to form a single large hotel chain. The main objective of this merger is to operate as a single chain and use only one specific website for online booking purposes. The instant online booking websites provide rooms to the customers at a much cheaper rate. As a result, although the customer count in the hotels is increasing, there are losses in the service expenses and hence, the corporate images of the hotels are slowly getting watered down (Kappelman et al., 2013). In order to solve the issue, the merger hotel chain looks to implement its own suitable policies and guidelines. In this report, the new proposed policies of the company have been analysed and recommendations have been provided for maximizing the benefits from these policies for the company. Case Study Analysis: StayTogether Hotel Chain With the recent development of websites and mobile apps for booking hotels instantly like booking.com, hotels.com and others, the hotel business is getting significantly less amount of actual profits. The instant online booking websites provide rooms to the customers at a much cheaper rate (McKeen, Smith, 2015). As a result, although the customer count in the hotels is increasing, there are losses in the service expenses and hence, the corporate images of the hotels are slowly getting watered down. Hence, ten popular hotel chains have decided to merge into a single chain named StayTogether. Another main agenda of this merger is to operate as a single chain and use only one specific website for online booking purposes. However, in order to ensure the chain does not suffer any losses, the management team has decided with introduction of some specific policies regarding the use of the online website. These policies are as follows. Online booking for rooms in this chain can be done from this website only. There will be a dedicated mobile app (Android, iOS) for the online booking system. The room prices will be fixed throughout the year. During peak months, the prices of the rooms will be higher than usual. Analysis of the New Policies According to the policies, there will be only one online booking website and there will be fixed prices all the year round. However, the problem with these policies is that there are no particular benefits for the customers (Zardini, Rossignoli Ricciardi, 2016). Moreover, due to fixed prices of the rooms, there will be no discounts for the customers. On the other hand, the customers seek rooms with special discounts or low prices. Hence, the management team has decided to implement four new services that will benefit the customers who will book rooms in the StayTogether hotel. The new services are as follows. Customer Loyalty Scheme The management team has planned this scheme in order to earn loyalty from the customers i.e. provide special services to customers so that they will avail their services again in the future. According to this scheme, if some customers visit this hotel chain on a regular basis, they will be offered with free transportation from the airport or railway station. Moreover, if these customers prefer to bring their own cars, they will be provided with free parking spaces. Finally, these customers can also receive free nights at the hotel based on loyalty points gathered by them. These offers will encourage the customers to book rooms in this hotel chain more frequently. Buffet Meal System The management team has also decided to change the existing restaurant model to reduce extra expenses, gain more profit and provide a more convenient system for the customers. In the existing restaurant system, the company has to recruit waiters to serve the dishes to the customers. As a result, the payments to the waiters are extra expenses for the company. Moreover, there is a huge wastage of food as many customers are unable to complete the dishes served to them. Hence, the new plan is to implement buffet meal system for the customers. In this system, customers will be able to choose their preferred dishes and can take only that quantity that they will be able to eat without wastage of food. Moreover, there will be no waiters required for serving the dishes. Another benefit of this system will be integration of the food prices along with the room prices. Hence, the customers will not be required to pay further for the food. However, for those who do not prefer buffet system, there will be exclusive on-site restaurant and the charges for eating in this restaurant will be extra. Special Rebates for Airline Passengers Another change the management team is eager to implement is offering certain rebates to the customers if they avail services of some particular airlines. The company is interested is forming partnerships with these airlines where both parties can benefit from increasing amount of the passengers / customers. According to the proposed plan, if a customer avails the service of one of the selected airlines, he will receive a rebate voucher for StayTogether hotel chain, which he can use for obtaining rebates in room fare or meal price. It is expected that this will increase the passengers in these airlines as well as customers in the hotel chain. Charity Events The company is also planning to donate money some charity events nominated by the customers themselves. According to this plan, a regular customer will be able to nominate a charity to which, StayTogether will pay 1% of the total billable amount. With increasing number of customers, there will be more nominations and the interested customers will avail the services of the hotel more frequently in order to grant donations to their selected charity events. Probable Issues Related to Information System and Technology Used From the analysis of the proposed system, it can be said that there may be several IT and IS issues that the company may face. Some of these issues are discussed as follows. Internet Security Cyber security will be critical test for the organization once the proposed app turns out to be completely operational. For booking purposes, the clients should enter their personal data in the application and subsequently, the application will be the easy target for various hackers and unethical programmers (Gattorna, 2015). Consequently, the protection of the clients data will be lost unless adequate cyber safety efforts are taken. App Developmental Stage According to the proposed arrange, the organization will build up a web based booking application for Android and iOS clients. In any case, advancement of an application is not a simple assignment because of the way that the improvement requires development of various stages of a software development life cycle including -version, -version, demo version and others (Ferrero Sison, 2014). Indeed, even after the full form is finished, there stay a few bugs and mistakes that are to be expelled utilizing new fixes. Once more, the UI must be appealing and straightforward for the clients. Henceforth, the organization will confront critical test in building up the proposed new application. Customer Service (Information System) The organization will likewise confront noteworthy test if there is no customer service administration to address the inquiries of the client. A decent client service administration is a fundamental segment of an effective information system framework. Management of Data and Information There may be a few issues emerging in information administration if there is no appropriate information management framework. With expanding clients, there will be convergence of an enormous measure of information. Manual operations will not have the capacity to deal with every one of the information precisely (Kock, 2014). Henceforth, a computerized information administration framework is vital or the organization will confront critical test in dealing with all the client data. New Business Opportunities With the proposed new technical setup, the company can venture into new business opportunities as well. The possible business opportunities are the following. New Restaurant Chain StayTogether hotel chain can open a new restaurant chain that can be an additional source of revenue for the company. The hotel chain already has restaurants attached to the hotel apartments. However, there can be a new chain for exclusively restaurants where customers can get fast food as well as casual and full meals. The restaurant chain can be made specialized like Italian restaurant chain, Chinese restaurant chain, Mexican restaurant chain and others. With sufficient brand value, there will be no time till influx of customers start in the restaurant chain. Personalized Automated Tour Guide The company can also venture into business of personalized automated tour guide in order to benefit the tourists that avail the services of the hotel chain. This can be another source of income for the company as significant revenues can be generated from the sale of the automated tour guides to the tourists. Conclusion In this report, the new proposed policies of the company have been analysed and recommendations have been provided for maximizing the benefits from these policies for the company. According to the new proposed policies of the management team, there will be only one online booking website and there will be fixed prices all the year round. However, the problem with these policies is that there are no particular benefits for the customers. Moreover, due to fixed prices of the rooms, there will be no discounts for the customers. On the other hand, the customers seek rooms with special discounts or low prices. Hence, the management team has decided to implement four new services that will benefit the customers who will book rooms in the StayTogether hotel. The management team has planned a customer loyalty scheme in order to earn loyalty from the customers i.e. provide special services to customers so that they will avail their services again in the future. The management team has also de cided to change the existing restaurant model to reduce extra expenses, gain more profit and provide a more convenient system for the customers. Another change the management team is eager to implement is offering certain rebates to the customers if they avail services of some particular airlines. The company is interested is forming partnerships with these airlines where both parties can benefit from increasing amount of the passengers / customers. Finally, the company is also planning to donate money some charity events nominated by the customers themselves. According to this plan, a regular customer will be able to nominate a charity to which, StayTogether will pay 1% of the total billable amount. Recommendations Based on the analysis of the companys new schemes, the following recommendations can be provided. Customer Benefit The company must provide certain benefits to the customers in order to earn their trust and loyalty. According to the new policies of the company, there will be only one online booking website and there will be fixed prices all the year round. However, the problem with these policies is that there are no particular benefits for the customers. Moreover, due to fixed prices of the rooms, there will be no discounts for the customers. Hence, the company must emphasize on providing other benefits to the customers. Strict Policy In the case of revenue and profit, company must be strict with their policies without harming the customers interests in any way. It is a habit of most of the customers to bargain with the service provider and lower the actual prices of the services. As a result, if the prices are actually lowered, the company will encounter significant losses in the business. Hence, the company should implement strict pricing policy that can only be lowered for some loyal customers based on their loyalty points or some event specific discounts. Cyber Security Appropriate cyber safety efforts must be taken to protect the personal data of the clients. Cyber security will be critical test for the organization once the proposed application turns out to be completely operational. For booking purposes, the clients should enter their personal data in the application and subsequently, the application will be the easy target for various hackers and unethical programmers. Consequently, the protection of the clients data will be lost unless adequate cyber safety efforts are taken. References Botha, A., Kourie, D., Snyman, R. (2014).Coping with continuous change in the business environment: Knowledge management and knowledge management technology. Elsevier. Bui, Q. N., Markus, M., Newell, S. (2015). Alternative Designs in Widespread Innovation Adoption: Empirical Evidence from Enterprise Architecture Implementation in US State Governments. Ceptureanu, E. G. (2015). Research regarding change management tools on EU SMEs.Business Excellence and Management Review,5(2), 28-32. Chang, J. F. (2016).Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Dahlberg, T., Kivijrvi, H., Saarinen, T. (2016). IT Investment Consistency and Other Factors Influencing the Success of IT Performance.Strategic IT Governance and Alignment in Business Settings, 176. Denford, J., Dawson, G., Desouza, K. (2017, January). Exploring IT-Enabled Public Sector Innovation in US States. InProceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Du, K., Tanriverdi, H. (2014). Managing Information Technology under Extreme Organizational Disequilibrium: the Case of Corporate Spinoffs. Eikey, E. V., Murphy, A. R., Reddy, M. C., Xu, H. (2015). Designing for privacy management in hospitals: Understanding the gap between user activities and IT staffs understandings.International journal of medical informatics,84(12), 1065-1075. Ferrero, I., Sison, A. J. G. (2014). A quantitative analysis of authors, schools and themes in virtue ethics articles in business ethics and management journals (19802011).Business Ethics: A European Review,23(4), 375-400. Figliola, P. M., Fischer, E. A. (2015). Overview and issues for implementation of the federal cloud computing initiative: Implications for federal information technology reform management.US Congressional Research Service (CRS),1. Gattorna, J. (2015).Dynamic supply chains. Pearson Education Limited. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. Kappelman, L., McLean, E., Luftman, J., Johnson, V. (2013). Key Issues of IT Organizations and Their Leadership: The 2013 SIM IT Trends Study.MIS Quarterly Executive,12(4). Kock, N. (2014). Advanced mediating effects tests, multi-group analyses, and measurement model assessments in PLS-based SEM.International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC),10(1), 1-13. Lee, W. T., Hung, S. Y., Chau, P. Y. (2013). Influence of knowledge management infrastructure on innovative business processes and market-interrelationship performance: An empirical study of hospitals in Taiwan. InGlobal Diffusion and Adoption of Technologies for Knowledge and Information Sharing(pp. 152-175). IGI Global. McKeen, J. D., Smith, H. A. (2015).IT strategy: Issues and practices. Pearson. Zardini, A., Rossignoli, C., Ricciardi, F. (2016). A bottom-up path for IT management success: From infrastructure quality to competitive excellence.Journal of Business Research,69(5), 1747-1752.

Alcoholism Essays (2846 words) - Drinking Culture, Alcohol Abuse

Alcoholism Alcoholism, Alcohol is liquid distilled product of fermented fruits, grains and vegetables used as solvent, antiseptic and sedative for potential abuse. Possible effects are intoxication, sensory alteration, and anxiety reduction. Symptoms of overdose staggering, odor of alcohol on breath, loss of coordination, slurred speech, dilated pupils, fetal alcohol syndrome in babies, and nerve and liver damage. Withdrawal Syndrome is first sweating, tremors then altered perception, followed by psychosis, fear, and finally auditory hallucinations. Indications of possible miss-use are confusion, disorientation, and loss of motor nerve control, convulsions, shock, shallow respiration, involuntary defecation, drowsiness, respiratory depression and possible death. Alcohol is also known as Booze, Juice, Brew, Vino, and Sauce. Most people know why alcohol is abused some reasons are relaxation, sociability, and cheap high. Alcohol is a depressant that decreases the responses of the central nervous system. Alcoholism is a disease that has been destroying people's lives mentally, physically and emotionally throughout the entire world since the early 18th century. Sometimes people get the idea that alcohol abuse and alcoholism are the same thing. The National Council on Alcoholism says "Alcohol Abuse" a problem to solve. Alcoholism a disease to conquer. Alcohol Abuse is the misuse of the substance, alcohol. You know you are abusing an alcoholic substance when you continue to use it, even though you're having social or personal problems because of your use. You still use it even though it's causing you physical problems. Using it the way you do is causing you legal problems. You don't live up to major responsibilities on the job or in your family. Alcoholism is being addicted, or dependent on alcohol. You may be dependent on alcohol if any three of the following are true. You have to use larger and larger amounts of it to get drunk. You have withdrawal when you try to stop or cut down. You use it much more and for longer times than you really want to. You can't seem to cut back and feel a strong need or craving for it. You spend a lot of your time just getting the substance. You'd rather use than work or be with friends and family. You keep using, no matter what. The National Council on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism estimates based on research, that a Blood Alcohol Concentration between .02 and .04 makes your chances of being in a single-vehicle fatal crash 1.4 times higher than for someone who has not had a drink. If your BAC is between .05 and .09, you are 11.1 times more likely to be in a fatal single vehicle crash, and 48 times more likely at a BAC between .10 and .14. If you've got a BAC of .15, your risk of being in a single-vehicle fatal crash is estimated to be 380 times higher than a non-drinker's. Recent research is showing that true substance dependence may be caused, in part, by brain chemistry deficiencies. That is one reason that substance dependence is considered a disease. Excessive drinking can cause liver damage and psychotic behavior. As little as two beers or drinks can impair coordination and thinking. Alcohol is often used by substance abusers to enhance the effects of other drugs. Alcohol continues to be the most frequently abused substance among young adults. Alcohol abuse is a pattern of problem drinking that results in health consequences, social, problems, or both. However, alcoholism refers to a disease that is characterized by alcohol-seeking behavior that leads to the loss of control while drinking. Short-term effects of alcohol use include distorted vision, hearing, and coordination. Long-term effects of heavy alcohol use include: loss of appetite, vitamin deficiencies, stomach ailments, skin problems, sexual impotence, liver damage, heart and central nervous system damage. Using alcohol to escape problems, a change in personality, turning from Dr. Jekyl to Mr. Hyde, a high tolerance level blackouts, sometimes not remembering what happened while drinking, problems at work or in school as a result of drinking, concern shown by family and friends about drinking. As with other diseases, there is the possibility of taking medicine to get better. There is now promising evidence that taking medicine can correct some of the deficiencies that may cause drug dependence. It is beginning to look like a combination of the right medicine along with talking therapy and behavior therapy, will help us treat this disease, as we have never before been able to. One drug is Naltrexone, sometimes known as ReVia. Fluoxetine (Prozac) and Desipramine (Norpramin) have also shown promise. Alcohol abuse is also a serious medical and social problem, but is not the

Dream Interpretation According to Psychology

Dream Interpretation According to Psychology The best approach to dream interpretation is a question that psychologists have a hard time agreeing on. Many, such as Sigmund Freud, adhere to the idea that dreams point to unconscious desires, while others, such as Calvin S. Hall, advocate for a cognitive approach in which dreams reflect different parts of our waking lives. Key Takeaways: Dream Interpretation Many approaches to dream interpretation have been proposed in psychology, including that dreams should be examined for symbols and that they reflect our perspectives on our lives.Psychologists differ on whether dreams serve a real purpose and what that purpose might be.Dream researcher G. William Domhoff observed that interpreting an individuals dreams provides â€Å"a very good psychological portrait of that individual.†Ã‚   What Are Dreams? Dreams are a series of images, emotions, thoughts, and sensations that occur when we sleep. They are involuntary and typically occur during the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of slumber. Although dreams can occur at other points in the sleep cycle, they’re most vivid and memorable during REM.  Not everyone remembers their dreams, but researchers believe that everyone has three to six 6 dreams in a night and that each dream lasts between 5 and 20 minutes. Even people who do remember their dreams are thought to forget about 95% of them when they wake up. Psychologists offer many reasons for dreaming. Some suggest its simply to clear away useless memories from the previous day and enter important ones into long-term storage. For example, if you have a dream about President Trump swimming with manatees it may be that your brain is in the process of removing a piece of news about the presidential administration and endangered species. On the other hand, many psychologists, especially those involved in therapy, have seen the value of dream analysis. Thus, while dreams may help sort the information in our brains, they may also help us consider information that we ignore when we’re awake. So, perhaps during the day, we focused on tasks that had nothing to do with the news about the presidential administration and endangered species, but then we worked through how we felt about the information during our dreams that night. Others have proposed that dreams are the brain’s way of preparing for possible future challenges. For example, dreams about our teeth falling out could reflect our anxiety about our body giving out on us. Dreams may also serve a problem-solving function as we continue to grapple with challenges, like a difficult work project that we tackled during the day, as we sleep. Psychologists like G. William Domhoff claimed that there is no psychological function for our dreams. Yet, Domhoff also said dreams have meaning because their content is unique to the individual and therefore analyzing an individual’s dreams can provide â€Å"a very good psychological portrait of that individual.†Ã‚   Sigmund Freud’s â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams† Freud’s perspective on dream interpretation, which he laid out in his seminal book The Interpretation of Dreams, continues to be popular today. Freud believed dreaming was a form of  wish fulfillment that reflected a dreamer’s unconscious desires. He also claimed that the manifest content of a dream, or the literal story or events of the dream, masks the latent content of the dream, or the symbolic or hidden meaning of the dream. For example, if an individual dreams they are flying, it may actually mean that the individual is yearning for freedom from a situation they see as oppressive. Freud called the process of transforming latent content into manifest content â€Å"dreamwork† and suggested it includes several processes: Condensation involves combining multiple ideas or images into one. For instance, a dream about an authority figure could represent one’s parents and one’s boss at the same time.Displacement involves changing the thing we’re really concerned about into something else. For example, if an individual is considering whether to go back to school or to accept a new job, they might dream about two large animals fighting, representing the dilemma they feel about the decision.Symbolization involves one object standing in for another. For example, the use of a gun or sword can be interpreted as having a sexual meaning.Secondary revision involves reorganizing the elements of a dream into a comprehensive whole. This takes place at the end of a dream and results in the dream’s manifest content. Freud also made some suggestions about universal symbols that could be found in dreams. According to Freud, only a few things are symbolized in dreams, including the human body, parents, children, siblings, birth, and death. Freud suggested that the individual was often symbolized by a house, while parents appear as royal figures or other highly respected individuals. Meanwhile, water often references birth, and going on a journey represents death. However, Freud did not put a great deal of weight on universal symbols. He said that symbolism in dreams is often personal and therefore dream interpretation requires an understanding of the dreamer’s individual circumstances. Carl Jung’s Approach to Dream Interpretation Jung was originally a follower of Freud. Even though he eventually broke with him and developed rival theories, Jung’s approach to dream interpretation has some things in common with Freud’s. Like Freud, Jung believed dreams contained latent meaning disguised by manifest content. However, Jung also believed dreams symbolized a person’s desire for balance in their personality, not wish fulfillment. Jung put more weight on a dream’s manifest content than Freud, as he felt that important symbols could be found there. In addition, Jung posited that dreams were expressions of the collective unconscious and could help one anticipate future issues in their life. As an example of his approach to dream interpretation, Jung related a young man’s dream. In the dream the young mans father was driving away erratically. He eventually hit a  wall and wrecked his car because he was drunk. The young man was surprised by the dream as his relationship with his father was positive and his father would never drive drunk in real life. Jung interpreted the dream to mean that the young man felt he was living in his father’s shadow. Thus, the purpose of the dream was to knock the father down while elevating the young man. Jung often used archetypes and universal myths to interpret dreams. As a result, Jungian therapy approaches dream analysis in three stages. First the personal context of the dreamer is considered. Second the dreamer’s cultural context is considered, including their age and environment. Finally, any archetypal content is evaluated in order to discover links between the dream and humanity as a whole. Calvin S. Hall’s Approach to Dream Interpretation Unlike Freud and Jung, Hall didn’t believe that dreams included latent content. Instead, he proposed a cognitive theory that claimed that dreams are simply thoughts that appear in the mind during sleep. As a result, dreams represent our personal lives through the following cognitive structures: Conceptions of the self or how we see ourselves. For example, an individual might dream that they become a powerful businessperson but then lose it all, suggesting the individual sees themselves as strong but is concerned they can’t maintain that strength.Conceptions of others or how the individual views the other important individuals in their life. For instance, if the individual sees their mother as nagging and demanding they will appear that way in the individual’s dreams.Conceptions of the world or how one views their environment. For example, if the individual finds the world cold and unfeeling, their dream may take place in a bleak, snowy tundra.Conceptions of impulses, prohibitions, and penalties or how the dreamer understands his repressed wishes. Hall suggested it’s our understanding of our desires, not the desires themselves, that impact our behavior. Thus, for example, dreams about hitting a wall or other obstacle in the pursuit of pleasure could shed light on the way an individual feels about their sexual impulses. Conceptions of problems and conflict or one’s conceptions of the challenges one faces in life. For instance if the individual sees their mother as nagging, their dream may reflect their dilemma in coping with what they perceive as their mother’s unreasonable demands. Hall came to his conclusions about dreams through an approach he developed with Robert Van De Castle in the 1960s. The approach uses quantitative content analysis to evaluate reports of dreams. The system of content analysis scales provides a scientific way to evaluate dreams. This stands in contrast to Freud and Jung’s approaches to dream interpretation, which lack scientific rigor. Other Psychological Approaches to Dream Interpretation There are several other approaches to dream interpretation that arise from different psychological perspectives. Some of these approaches are already reflected in the researchers mentioned above. Freud’s approach to dream interpretation is utilized by psychodynamic psychologists, while Hall’s approach is shared by cognitive psychologists. Other approaches include: Behavioral psychologists focus on how an individual’s behavior impacts their dreams and the behavior they exhibit within their dreams.Humanistic psychologists see dreams as reflections of the self and how the individual deals with their circumstances. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Dream Interpretation: What Do Dreams Mean.† Verywell Mind, 26 July 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/dream-interpretation-what-do-dreams-mean-2795930Domhoff, G. William. Dreams Have Psychological Meaning and Cultural Uses, but No Known Adaptive Function. The DreamResearch.net Dream Library. https://dreams.ucsc.edu/Library/purpose.htmlHall, Calvin S. A Cognitive Theory of Dreams. The Journal of General Psychology, vol. 49, no. 2, 1953, pp. 273-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1953.9710091Hurd, Ryan. Calvin Hall and the Cognitive Theory of Dreaming. Dream Studies Portal. https://dreamstudies.org/2009/12/03/calvin-hall-cognitive-theory-of-dreaming/Jung, Carl. The Essential Jung: Selected Writings. Princeton University Press, 1983.Kluger, Jeffrey. What Your Dreams Actually Mean, According to Science. Time, 12 September, 2017. https://time.com/4921605/dreams-meaning/McAdams, Dan.  The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5t h ed., Wiley, 2008. McAndrews, Frank T. The Freudian Symbolism in Your Dreams. Psychology Today, 1 January, 2018. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/out-the-ooze/201801/the-freudian-symbolism-in-your-dreamsMcLeod, Saul. â€Å"What Are the Most Interesting Ideas of Sigmund Freud.† Simply Psychology, 5 April, 2019. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Sigmund-Freud.htmlNichols, Hannah. Dreams: Why Do We Dream? Medical News Today, 28 June, 2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/284378.phpSmykowski, Joanna. The Psychology of Dreams: What Do They Mean? BetterHelp, 28 June, 2019. https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/psychologists/the-psychology-of-dreams-what-do-they-mean/Stevens, Anthony. Jung: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 1994.

Appreciating Individual Differences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Appreciating Individual Differences - Essay Example After the incident, this person believes that he has lost the ability to resume his activities because of the illness and is scared of further injury if he undertakes any form of physical movement; and these beliefs are withholding him from even trying to walk or perform routine activities. His negative self-efficacy is causing himself to program for failure. This person must be given confidence by speaking, allowing him to take small steps with support on a regular basis till he is able to walk. This will improve his self-efficacy and help him resume his daily activities. 2. Explain the social learning model of self-management and compare and contrast high and low self-monitoring individuals and describe the resulting behaviors each may have. The social learning model focuses on brining about change in one’s behavior to suit the situation or external conditions that shape individual’s behavior. This model focuses on ability to control the external situations and human responsiveness to these situations in such a manner that desired goals are achieved by appropriating one’s behavior accordingly. Self-monitoring helps individuals observe their behavior and adapt to the situation.

Software Engineering mid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Engineering mid - Essay Example Application software - may be written in obsolete programming languages. Application data - often incomplete and inconsistent. Business processes - may be constrained by software structure and functionality. Business policies and rules - may be implicit and embedded in the system software. Answer to section 7: The fundamental activities that are common to all software processes are: Specification: It relates to the initial specifications on how to build the software. The process of establishing what services are required and the constraints on the system's operation and development. Design: It relates to the process of converting the system specification into an executable system. Validation: It is intended to show that a system conforms to its specification and meets the requirements of a system customer. Evolution: Software is inherently flexible and can change. The properties like scalability and flexibility is addressed here. Answer to section 8: The advantages of incremental development and delivery are: Customer value can be delivered with each increment so system functionality is available earlier. Early increments act as a prototype to help elicit requirements for later increments. Lower risk of overall project failure. The highest priority system services tend to receive the most testing. Answer to section 9: The six fundamental best practices of RUP are: Develop software iteratively Manage requirements Use component-based architectures Visually model software Verify software quality Control changes to software Answer to section 10: The five common project management activities are: Proposal writing: Usually done before getting the project. Project planning and scheduling: Done as a part of the planning process. Project costing: Project feasibility...A project milestone is a predictable state where a formal report of progress is presented to management. Application domain experience: For a project to develop a successful system, the developers must understand the application domain. It is essential that some members of a development team have some domain experience. Programming language experience: This is normally only significant for short duration projects where there is not enough time to learn a new language. While learning a language itself is not difficult, it takes several months to become proficient in using the associated libraries and components. Problem solving ability: This is very important for software engineers who constantly have to solve technical problems. However, it is almost impossible to judge without knowing the work of the potential team member. Educational background: This may provide an indicator of the basic fundamentals that the candidate should know and of their ability to learn. This factor becomes increasingly irrelevant as engineers gain experience across a range of projects. Personality: This is an important attribute but difficult to assess. Candidates must be reasonably compatible with other team members. No particular type of personality is more or less suited to software engineering. 3.

Fahrenheit 451 Analysis Essay Example for Free

Fahrenheit 451 Analysis Essay The theme of Ray Bradburys classic Fahrenheit 451 can be viewed from several different angles. First and foremost, the book gives an anti-censorship message. Bradbury understood censorship to be a natural outcropping of an overly tolerant society. Yet, the protagonist Guy Montag is one of the few that is courageous enough to find out the truth for himself. This unexpected discovery on the corruption of society challenged traditional values, knowledge and beliefs. The personal freedom to the right of an individual having the freedom of expression when he utilizes the issue of censorship in Fahrenheit 451. In Bradburys novel, society has evolved to such an extreme that all literature is illegal to possess. Because of the trouble books may cause, they were banned altogether. For example, one group might think they had a really great idea and wrote it in a book, however, the other group might object to something that has been written, that means the book will have to be modified and therefore censorship begins. Soon, another group objects to something else in the book, and it is again edited, eventually the original product will be lost. Because of this presented danger, no longer can books be read, not only because they might offend someone, but because books raise questions for the people that the government cannot answer. The intellectual thinking that comes from knowledge can often be dangerous, yet, who would want to do that when they can take the easy route? â€Å"Ignorance is bliss† applies perfectly here. The government would rather rule the people orderly than have them start a revolution with knowledge. This philosophy, according to the book, completely ignores the benefits of knowledge. True, knowledge can cause disharmony because it causes people to ask â€Å"why†, but in many ways, knowledge of the past, which is recorded in books, can prevent mankind from making similar mistakes in the present and future. The society envisioned in Fahrenheit 451 is corrupted. As Captain Beatty explains, government control of peoples lives there was not a conspiracy of dictators, but a consensus of everyday people instead. The citizens are so weak-minded that they dont want to think for themselves and solve the troubling problems of the world. They don’t have much emotion, because they prefer pleasure over hurt. The only way they can do this is to not care. The parlor women, for example, cannot see past the surface. They are more interested in looks than reality; they are so shallow that they cannot see one’s true qualities. It is far easier to live a life of seclusion and a life where technology will provide you with all necessities. Yet more importantly, Fahrenheit 451 described the people in that society as anti-social. Clarisse, the only â€Å"normal† girl mentioned that people in that society doesn’t talk much, at all. They are â€Å"either shouting or dancing around like wild† (30), but the key point is, â€Å"people don’t talk about anything† (31), â€Å"they name a lot of cars or clothes or swimming pools mostly and say how swell!† (31) They do not quite live in the reality, only using abstract things to entertain themselves. â€Å"They all say the same things and nobody says anything different† (31) because in their eyes, technology and the government is always correct. This is very similar to our world today, almost everyone some kind of technology: television, computer, hand held devices. When we have a choice between technology or nature. It is almost certain that technology wins. We are on the computer three to four hours a day, doing work, checking email, social media, or just simply surfing the web. Our everyday life is technology; we depe nd on it so much that it is almost impossible to live without it. People in the novel are afraid of themselves, of what their minds are capable of doing. They fear the thought of knowing, which leads them to depend on others, such as technology and the government to think for them. The best example would be the protagonist Guy Montag. His entire view on life shifted as the book progressed. He was originally a normal fireman, but when he met his neighbor Clarisse McClennen, who was considered a misfit in the society, he began to see things differently. Instead of burning books because it’s useless information to the public, he now wants to share its knowledge with the whole world. Montag is at war with the society, he’s battling against the â€Å"common knowledge† and laws, trying to shine some light on the people. Thus, the book successfully advocates the idea that men should think for themselves, not let technology or any outside sources decide for them. Technology may provide you with joy, but to live life to the fullest, you have to try everything, and there are no substitute for the treasure you can find in books. It’s like Montag said, â€Å"I went around doing one thing and feeling another.† (131) as he reflects on all the trouble that he has gotten into because he has not been true to himself. Although this path might not be easy, it is necessary for any society that doesnt wish to repeat the mistakes of the past to earn knowledge. Our society today needs to realize that before it is too late.

Whites Voss :: Religion Australia Suffering Essays

White's Voss White's sense of fate is one in which everyone is doomed to suffer and greatness is measured by the individual's capacity to do so (Brady 1978). This is articulated by Clark who believes that in the harshness of the Australian setting the "only glory men know on earth is how they respond to defeat and failure" (quoted by Bliss 3). The quest in Voss cannot be read as one that looks forward in expectation of discernible results. The usual criteria involved in determining failure must be discarded here. The failures must be seen as inherent, inextricable components of the ongoing process of becoming rather than being, articulated in Voss as the mystery of life "not solved by success, which is an end in itself, but in failure, in perpetual struggle, in becoming" (269). White has partly used the metaphor of a geographical exploration because the desert explorer must inevitably suffer physically and this allows insight into suffering on the spiritual realm. This links Voss to the wildernes s experiences of Moses, Jesus, St Antony and many other desert ascetics. White shows that suffering through losing self is only the first step of a process of finding a truer sense of self, in acquiring an understanding of the human condition and, ultimately, in coming closer to discovering the Divine. The notion of failure facilitating humility will be used in this essay to establish whether the characters in Voss are fortunate in their failures and to consider how White has subscribed to this "fortunate failure" in the actual process of writing. Different aspects of failure will be examined, but ultimately they are all part of the necessary failure entailed in the religious quest. Bliss explains this failure as being vital in the recognition that the "Infinite, by definition, must be infinitely sought" (205). Her superficial paradox is similar to many of the deliberately paradoxical elements of White's work which all form part of the Christian paradox of recovering a truer sense of self through self-sacrifice. It is not unreasonable to see this as the controlling idea behind the "fortunate failures" as White's self-stated intention was to write a novel concerning the "relationship between the blundering human being and God"(White quoted in van den Driesen 77). The interest lies i n how this blundering is explored as a necessary part of the Divine quest. Le Mesurier's failure could be attributed to his taking his own life, but this is too literal a view to take in a novel where characters are invested with expanding consciousness rather than diminished awareness.

Advanced Marketing course (MBA)

Question I: Explain the concepts of product line width, length, depth, and consistency. Use examples to support your answer. A product mix is a collection of a large variety of product lines. A product line is a group of items or products closely related and lie within a product class as the functions performed by them are similar, have the same group of customers, range within the given price or are advertised and marketed through the same channels or outlets. Every company’s product mix encompasses certain width, depth, consistency and length. Product width: Refers to the number of different product lines carried by the company. For e. g. Unilever deals with food brands, home care and personal care products therefore it offers a product mix width of 3 lines. Product length: The total number of different items or products in a single product line refers to the product length for e. g. if we take food brands of Unilever then Best foods, Knorr, Birds Eye, Lipton and Ben & Jerry’s makes the product length of the specific product line of food brands. Product depth: The variants of each product in a product line refers to the product depth for e. . if we take Lipton, it comes in two formulations loose powder tea and tea bags as well as it also comes in different types such black tea, green tea and herbal tea, so this would mean that Lipton has a depth of 5, as it branches out in 5 different variants. Product consistency: How closely the different product lines are related to each other in use, requirements, production , c hannels and distribution or some other possible way for e. g. If we take Unilever then their goods are consistent in a way that all of their goods are consumer durable and are distributed through the same channel. Similarly they are less consistent as each of their goods serves different buyers and also perform different functions for them. Question II: In planning its market offering, the marketer must address the five product levels of the customer value hierarchy. Describe the â€Å"customer value hierarchy† and identify the five levels of product contained within. Customer value hierarchy is an approach of viewing customer value. It is in a hierarchical representation telling us about how the customer relates and views a product. The customer value hierarchy is pyramid shaped with its base comprising of the basic customer value followed by the expected, unanticipated and desired levels. The five levels of product contained within it are as follows: Core benefit: This is the basic level. It actually refers to the benefit or the service the customer wants to have out the product he buys. Benefit providers, is how a marketer must see himself. Basic product: This is the next important level where the core benefit is converted into a basic product by the marketer. Expected product: The third important level where an expected product is created by the marketer. By expected product we mean a set of conditions or attributes expected by the buyer when he purchases the product. Augmented product: In this level such a product is created by the marketer which is far beyond the expectations of the customer and is referred as an augmented product. Brand positioning and competitions usually starts from this level in developed countries where as in developing countries like India competition starts from expected product level. Potential product: This level comprises of all the possible changing or augmentations the product gets to face in future. New ways of satisfying customers and distinguishing the product and its offering starts from this level. Question III: Explain the concept of a hybrid channel distribution system. When would this system be best utilized? When would this system not be beneficial? Hybrid channel distribution is when a marketer utilizes more than one or a multi channel distribution design. It is one of the most widely used and important channel distribution systems among the vertical marketing network. A single firm can easily cater multiple marketing segments by setting up two or as many marketing channels using hybrid channel distribution system. Firms mostly establish a hybrid system as multiple targets and segments can be approached. If we take the example of star bucks we’ll notice that it follows many distribution designs as they use direct retail system by selling to the stores owned by the company, selling through grocery stores following a single party selling system and also via direct mail following the direct marketing system. Also other distribution systems are utilized by the company. Hybrid channel distribution system works the best when a company serves a wider market and also the marketer knows what system suits the best to its customer way of doing the business. The Hybrid channel communication system carries a lot of potential for channel conflict, therefore in the case of conflicts; this multi channel system does prove to be that beneficial as it may result in improper channel utilization and blocking probabilities. Question IV: In designing a marketing channel system, the marketer must understand the service output levels desired by target customers. Channels provide five service outputs. List and briefly describe each of these outputs. In developing marketing channel systems, needs of the customers are analyzed, objectives of the channel are established and major channel alternatives are evaluated. The five service outputs produced by the channels are: Lot size: The quantity of items possible for the channel to make available to a customer on one occasion. For e. g. a wholesaler will always prefer a channel that can supply him a large lot size of units. Waiting and delivery time: The time taken by the channel to deliver goods to the customers. A customer normally does not like waiting a lot for receiving the goods and prefer a faster system. Spatial convenience: The extent to which the channel makes it convenient for its customers to receive the product. For e. g. if we consider TCS then we’ll notice that it has more offices situated in every area nearby and customers save a lot on transportation as compared to OCS which has less offices and dealers, therefore TCS offers more spatial convenience as compared to OCS. Product variety: The variety or the assortment breadth of the product that the channel offers to its customers. More variety is preferred by the customers as it increases their chance of finding what they are looking for or even better than that. Service backup: Any add on services that the channel provides to its customers such as delivery, installation, repair facilities etc. How good the service backup is, determines how good the channel performs. An increase in the channel cost also takes place for the customers in the case of greater service backup. Question V: The extraordinary growth of direct marketing can be attributed to many factors with both consumers and business are benefiting. List some of the factors that are contributing to the growth of direct marketing. Many factors are involved in the growth of direct marketing. The few most prominent ones are: Changing lifestyles is one of the most important factors that have made the customers accepted direct marketing. In these few years the number of women entering the workforce has increased tremendously. This trend contributed a lot to the growth of direct marketing as it became very inconvenient for working women to take time out and go for shopping. They could simply sit at home and select the merchandise of their choice and convenience through mail-order shopping and receive all kinds of merchandise at their home only via commercial television, mail, interactive television or via home shopping networks. The second most important factor that has increased the growth of direct marketing was the increase that has taken place in the cost of personal sales calls which has risen tremendously in the past few years making personal sale calls very expensive. Direct marketing methods have now made personal selling more cost effective. Another factor that has contributed a lot to the growth of direct marketing is technological growth such as computer based technologies. These technologies have enabled the marketers to be more accurate in the analysis of results, in creating advanced and better customer and prospect databases, better targeting of messages regarding complex demographics and psychographics and even in faster and better execution of packages by direct-mail. Another important factor that has made direct marketing more attractive than mass marketing is the quantity of available product and services has grown as through direct marketing a greater variety and number of products and services can be offered to a smaller group of prospects. Due to an increase in the use of telephones as a means to order has also helped direct marketing to grow and prosper as placing an order through a telephone results in faster order fulfillment and also makes the customer get rid of any delays connected with the mail order system. Question VI: Most companies set annual quotas. Quotas can be on dollar sales, unit volume, and margin, selling effort or activity and product type. Compensation is often tied to the degree of quota attainment. What problems does the setting of quotas present to both the company and to the sales representative? Sales quotas are set by a lot of companies to encourage and provide incentives to the sales representatives in order to meet their daily challenges and also to motivate them to work more effectively bringing out good results for the company. First a sales forecast is created by the company which becomes the basis of planning production, financial requirements and workforce size but the sales quotas create a lot of problems for the sales representatives and the company. Problems cause the company or the sale representative to suffer a lot for e. g. when the company underestimates and the sale representative is already pain then the company has over paid them. Similarly when the company overestimates the potential of the sales, it gets very hard for the sales representatives to match up to their quotas and eventually they get frustrated leading them to even quit at times. Another disadvantage is that often quotas ignore the service side of the business as it usually enables the sales representatives to get a lot of business. Another problem is that only short term results are gained by the company though providing customer satisfaction for a very long term. Due to all these problems faced by the company and the sale representatives most companies have dropped quotas and are adopting other systematic and proper means of attracting sales representatives to work at their best. Question VII: The new product development process starts with the search for ideas. New-product ideas can come from interacting with various groups and using creativity-generating techniques. List these techniques. New innovative product ideas can be created either by interacting with other people such as your own customers and getting their ideas or also by using creativity generating techniques for developing and enhancing creativity in individuals working for the company. These techniques are as follows: Attribute listing: In this technique each attribute of a product is listed and then modification is done to it. For e. g. f we take milk box, we can modify it by replacing the paper box by a glass bottle then it is painted differently and the cap is replaced by a cork etc. Forced relationships: Several ideas are listed then each idea is considered in relation to other ideas. For e. g. in designing a bed room, you consider a bed and a sofa as separate ideas. Then you think of getting a sofa bed that can serve both the purposes. Morphological analysis: It refers to listing every possible combination for creating many innovative solutions. For e. g. we take a problem like â€Å"getting something cooked†. First think of the dimensions such as how well cooked like half cooked, full cooked or baked. Then think of the possible mediums such as stove, on fire or oven and the power source such as electric oven, gas over or electric stove. Reverse assumption analysis: This is done by noting down all the assumptions and the possibilities about an entity and then reversing them. For e. g. let’s take a cinema that plays a movie of the audience choice, charges for the movie and provide snacks. Now if we apply the reverse assumption analysis we will reverse every assumption. The cinema will now show any movie that the owner gets charges not for the movie but for sitting as long in the cinema and instead of snacks offers fast food. New contexts: Consider a familiar process and re-design it into a new context. For e. g. replacing people-helping services with animals such as cats and dogs. Mind mapping: Start with a thought such as food, note it down. Then note down the next thought that comes into your mind such as pizza. Then link both the thoughts that are food and pizza and think of the next association that will be Italy. Associate a new thought with every other word that comes up. Doing this might lead to a whole new idea. Question VIII: Explain the product or brand management organization and list its advantages and disadvantages. Only a company that produces different variety of products or the production capacity is beyond the ability or control of the functional organization establishes a product management organization. It however has another form of management but doesn’t replace the functional organization. A product category manager is under the supervision of a product manager. A product category manager manages and supervises specific brand and product managers. Product and brand management is sometime referred to as hub and spoke system with the brand manager in the center and managing various departments. The brand managers develop competitive strategies for the product, think of an annual marketing plan and predict sales, initiates improvements in the product to meet the changing needs of the market and also continuously work with advertising agencies for the promotion of their product. Advantages of product or brand management: A product manager always develops a cost-effective marketing mix A product manager always ends up reacting quickly to new and innovative products. Smaller brands produced by the company get a product advocate. Disadvantages of product or brand management: Lack of authority to product and brand managers in carrying out their responsibilities. Lack of functional expertise as they are only experts in their own product areas. High costs associated with the system as every major product or brand requires an individual to manage it. Even minor products and brands are catered by different individuals. Brands are usually managed by the brand managers for a short time which leads to short term planning and fails in developing long term strengths. It’s harder for the management to develop a national strategy due to the fragmentation of the markets. Product and brand managers are more focused towards gaining the market share for the company rather than developing healthy customer relationships.

What Makes Apple Products Changed The Market For Technology

When people hear the word Apple they think of the eminent brand. Why? Because Apple products changed the market for technology products, establishing a name for themselves almost entirely by using excellent marketing strategies. As a marketing major myself, I wish to acquire the entrepreneurial and communication skills Steve Jobs had. Gaining the business-related knowledge Jobs gained through years of experience, would advance my marketing skills when I start a business. This will not be a wieldy journey to go through, but it will be rewarding. Eight years ago, I realized that no vision is impossible with dedication, patience, and perseverance. In 2007, I flew from my birthplace, Venezuela, to the United States. Growing up in Venezuela was a memorable stage of my life since I lived in a neighborhood within an unsafe area, yet I still have copious positive memories. For ten years, I lived with my mom and sister while my father was in the United States due to immigration problems. 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